The Architect Who Built the American Mall — Then Spent the Rest of His Life Apologizing for It
Victor Gruen fled Vienna in 1938 and arrived in America with almost nothing. By 1956, he had designed something that would reshape the physical landscape of the entire country. The enclosed shopping mall was supposed to be a democratic town square — a place for community, not just commerce. What it became instead haunted him for the rest of his life.
Mar 13, 2026